2022/07/22 隨著歐洲熱浪的形成，英國氣溫破紀錄高達40度

隨著歐洲熱浪的形成，英國氣溫破紀錄高達40度
UK temperatures reach record-breaking 104.4 degrees F as European heat wave builds
發表日期：2022-7-19
作者：Danica Kirka and Jill Lawless；翻譯：吳名翊；校稿：余孟栴
引用來源：https://abc7.com/heat-wave-2022-uk-heatwave-london-weather-europe/12060655/
 
『參考要點』：歐洲各國的基礎設施及人民活動因歐洲熱浪受到影響，科學家也呼籲，要降低熱浪的頻率，減少排放是必需的。
 
『相關字彙』：wildfires（野火）、extremes（極端地）、infrastructure（基礎設施）、flame（火焰）、extreme weather events（極端天氣事件）
 
倫敦
在席捲歐洲大片地區的熱浪中，英國打破了2022年7月19日星期二創下的最高氣溫記錄，國家天氣預報員預測，在一個對這種極端情況準備不足的國家，氣溫還會變得更熱。
LONDON -- Britain shattered its record for the highest temperature ever registered Tuesday amid a heat wave that has seized swaths of Europe -- and the national weather forecaster predicted it would get hotter still in a country ill-prepared for such extremes.
這個典型的溫帶國家是最近一個受到異常炎熱乾燥天氣影響的國家，這種天氣自上週以來一直籠罩著整個大陸，引發了從葡萄牙到巴爾幹半島的野火，並導致數百人因高溫而死亡。熱浪席捲了法國海灘，也導致英國居民陷於高溫之中，即便熱浪靠近沿海地段，但也引發了人們對於氣候變遷的擔憂。
The typically temperate nation was just the latest to be walloped by unusually hot, dry weather that has gripped the continent since last week, triggering wildfires from Portugal to the Balkans and leading to hundreds of heat-related deaths. Images of flames racing toward a French beach and Britons sweltering -- even at the seaside -- have driven home concerns about climate change.
英國氣象局在希思羅機場所登記到的臨時數據為攝氏40.2°度（華氏104.4°度）。週二（2022年7月19日）之前，英國當時所記錄的最高溫度為攝氏38.7°度（華氏101.7°度），這是2019年創下的紀錄。
The U.K. Met Office registered a provisional reading of 40.2 degrees Celsius (104.4 degrees Fahrenheit) at Heathrow Airport -- breaking the record set just an hour earlier. Before Tuesday, the highest temperature recorded in Britain was 38.7 C (101.7 F), a record set in 2019.
這個國家目睹了溫度計中的水銀上升，既恐懼又著迷，而在那之前更有幾個小時的強烈陽光，原本的記錄可能會更高。
The nation watched the mercury rise with a combination of horror and fascination. With several hours of intense sunlight ahead, the record could go even higher.
「今天氣溫可能會進一步上升」，預報員在第一個記錄下降後說。
"Temperatures are likely to rise further through today,'' the forecaster said after the first record fell.
在一個沒有為這種極端情況做好準備的國家，悶熱的天氣擾亂了旅行、醫療保健和學校。英格蘭大部分地區，從南部的倫敦到北部的曼徹斯特和利茲，週二（2022年7月19日）仍處於英國第一個極端高溫的「紅色」警告之下，這意味著即使是健康的人也有死亡的危險。
The sweltering weather has disrupted travel, health care and schools in a country not prepared for such extremes. A huge chunk of England, from London in the south to Manchester and Leeds in the north, remained under the country's first "red" warning for extreme heat Tuesday, meaning there is danger of death even for healthy people.
倫敦街道的交通量減少了，因為許多人聽取了遠離陽光的建議；火車則是以低速運行著，因為擔心鐵軌可能會彎曲，或者甚至無法運行；擁有玻璃屋頂中庭的大英博物館計畫提前結束營業。而最高法院也因空調問題，對訪客關閉，也迫使將聽證會轉移至線上。
London streets saw less traffic, as many heeded advice to stay out of the sun, and trains ran at low speed out of concern rails could buckle, or did not run at all. The British Museum -- which has a glass-roofed atrium -- planned to shut its doors early. And the Supreme Court closed to visitors after a problem with the air conditioning forced it to move hearings online.
許多公共建築，包括醫院，甚至都沒有空調，這反映了在這個以降雨和溫和溫度而聞名的國家，這種極端高溫是多麼不尋常。
Many public buildings, including hospitals, don't even have air conditioning, a reflection of how unusual such extreme heat is in the country better known for rain and mild temperatures.
首都的海德公園通常都擠滿了人，現在卻出奇地安靜，除了那些想在公園的九曲湖中試圖沾一下湖水的排隊人潮。
The capital's Hyde Park, normally busy with walkers, was eerily quiet -- except for the long lines to take a dip in the park's Serpentine lake.
31歲的地質學家湯姆·埃利奧特（Tom Elliott）在游泳後說：「我要去我的辦公室，因為那裡又好又涼，而且我騎自行車而不是坐地鐵。」
"I'm going to my office because it is nice and cool,'' said geologist Tom Elliott, 31, after taking a swim. "I'm cycling around instead of taking the Tube.''
倫敦國王十字車站是該國家最繁忙的鐵路樞紐之一，在週二（2022年7月19日）卻空無一人，在連接首都與北部和蘇格蘭的典型繁華東海岸線上沒有火車。由於高溫損壞，倫敦盧頓機場於週一（2022年7月18日）關閉了幾個小時的跑道。
London's King's Cross Station, one of the country's busiest rail hubs, was empty on Tuesday, with no trains on the typically bustling east coastline connecting the capital to the north and Scotland. London's Luton Airport closed its runway for several hours Monday because of heat damage.
交通大臣格蘭特·沙普斯（Grant Shapps）表示，英國的交通基礎設施，其中一些可以追溯到維多利亞時代，「他們只是無法承受這種溫度，而且我們還需要很多年才能用可以承受的基礎設施取代。」
Transport Secretary Grant Shapps said Britain's transport infrastructure, some of it dating from Victorian times, "just wasn't built to withstand this type of temperature -- and it will be many years before we can replace infrastructure with the kind of infrastructure that could."
極端高溫的危險在英國和歐洲各地都得到了顯現。據報導，英國各地至少有六人在試圖降溫時淹死在河流、湖泊和水庫中。與此同時，西班牙和鄰國葡萄牙在熱浪中報告了近750人的死亡與熱有關。
The dangers of extreme heat were on display in Britain and around Europe. At least six people were reported to have drowned across the U.K. in rivers, lakes and reservoirs while trying to cool off. Meanwhile, nearly 750 heat-related deaths have been reported in Spain and neighboring Portugal in the heat wave there.
氣象局表示，英國之前記錄的最高溫度是攝氏38.7° (華氏101.7°)，這是2019年創下的記錄。週二的數據是臨時的，這意味著這個溫度的紀錄是盡可能在接近當時生成的，而最終數據則是在數據品質控制後所發布的。
The highest temperature previously recorded in Britain was 38.7°C (101.7℉), a record set in 2019. Tuesday's reading was provisional, which means they are produced as near to real-time as possible with final readings issued after data quality--control, the Met Office said.
氣候專家警告說，全球暖化增加了極端天氣事件的頻率，研究表明，英國氣溫達到攝氏40°度（華氏104°度）的可能性現在是前工業時代的10倍。事實上，這個曾經不可想像的紀錄在周二（2022年7月19日）看起來是可能的，甚至是接近現實。
Climate experts warn that global warming has increased the frequency of extreme weather events, with studies showing that the likelihood of temperatures in the U.K. reaching 40 C (104 F) is now 10 times higher than in the pre-industrial era. In fact, that once unthinkable mark looked possible -- even likely -- Tuesday.
倫敦經濟學院格蘭瑟姆研究所的鮑勃·沃德（Bob Ward）說：「這個創紀錄的溫度預示著即將發生的事情，熱浪和其他極端天氣事件的頻率和強度的增加是氣候變遷的結果，而這些影響將繼續增長」，除非世界大幅減少排放。
"This record temperature is a harbinger of things to come,'' said Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute at the London School of Economics. "The increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves and other extreme weather events is the result of climate change, and these impacts will continue to grow" unless the world drastically reduces emissions.
與氣候變遷有關的乾旱和熱浪也使野火更難撲滅。
Drought and heat waves tied to climate change have also made wildfires harder to fight.
在法國西南部的吉倫特地區，兇猛的野火繼續在乾燥的松樹林中蔓延，2000多名消防員和滅火專機努力滅火的結果令人沮喪。
In the Gironde region of southwestern France, ferocious wildfires continued to spread through tinder-dry pines forests, frustrating firefighting efforts by more than 2,000 firefighters and water-bombing planes.
法國新亞奎丹大區吉倫特省當局表示，自2022年7月12日發生大火，燒毀190平方公里的森林和植被以來，已有37,000多人從他們的住宅和避暑勝地撤離。
More than 37,000 people have been evacuated from homes and summer vacation spots since the fires broke out July 12 and burned through 190 square kilometers (more than 70 square miles) of forests and vegetation, Gironde authorities said.
週一（2022年7月18日）晚些時候，法國波爾多市以北的梅多克葡萄酒產區發生了第三場較小的火災，進一步加重了消防資源的負擔。在以牡蠣和度假村而聞名的阿卡雄海洋盆地周圍，大火肆虐的大西洋沿岸海灘區則有五個露營地起火。
A smaller third fire broke out late Monday in the Medoc wine region north of Bordeaux, further taxing firefighting resources. Five camping sites went up in flames in the Atlantic coast beach zone where blazes raged, around the Arcachon maritime basin famous for its oysters and resorts.
但後續的天氣預報提供了一些安慰，預計2022年7月19日星期二後大西洋沿岸的熱浪溫度將有所緩解，並且當天晚些時候可能會有降雨的機會。
But weather forecasts offered some consolation, with heat wave temperatures expected to ease along the Atlantic seaboard Tuesday and the possibility of rains rolling in late in the day.