2023/02/01 在多邊投資擔保機構的幫助下建造氣候調適道路

在多邊投資擔保機構的幫助下建造氣候調適道路
Building climate-resilient roads with the help of MIGA guarantees
發表日期：2023-1-18
作者：MUHAMET BAMBA FALL；翻譯：林詩軒
引用來源：https://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/building-climate-resilient-roads-help-miga-guarantees
 
『參考要點』：多邊投資擔保機構（MIGA）向肯亞和塞爾維亞政府提供擔保，吸引跨國投資打造韌性道路，進行了多項基礎建設，例如：道路工程、土木工程、排水工程等，透過氣候調適強化國家的基礎建設。
『相關字彙』：Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency（多邊投資擔保機構，MIGA）、foreign direct investment（國外直接投資，FDI）、climate adaptation（氣候調適）、
 
道路和水是宿敵。
Roads and water are age-old enemies.
根據世界銀行的數據，水是造成全世界道路大部分損壞的原因。由於氣候變遷的影響，損壞的道路逐年在增加，通常會引發侵蝕、積水和洪水等問題。
Water is responsible for most of the damage to the world’s roads, according to the World Bank—damage that increases every year due to the impact of climate change. And roads return the favor, routinely causing water-related problems such as erosion, waterlogging, and flooding.
全球暖化和潮濕只會加劇兩者間的敵對關係。但是，工業用水和景觀管理開闢出了一條氣候調適的綠色道路，有望可以扭轉這一情況。
A warming and wetter climate only exacerbates this ancient and adversarial relationship. But green roads, designed to serve water and landscape management and provide climate resilience, can help to reverse it.
綠色道路是全球氣候調適的重要一部分，未來幾年需要透過持續資助維護現有道路和建設新道路，連接人與人之間的關係、推動商業發展，使其能抵擋氣候變遷的影響。
Green roads are an important part of the global climate adaptation effort that will need to be funded in coming years to maintain existing roads and build new ones —connecting people, driving commerce, and supporting development—while also making them resilient to the impacts of climate change.
跨國投資對這些氣候調適計畫非常重要。然而，根據聯合國貿易和發展會議（UNCTAD）最近的一份報告指出，2022年第二季度全球外國直接投資（FDI）流量下降了近三分之一，準確地說是減少31%的投資。
And cross-border investment is critical to these climate adaptation projects. Yet global flows of foreign direct investment（FDI）fell by almost a third—31 percent to be exact—in the second quarter of 2022, according to a recent report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development（UNCTAD）, which tracks international investments.
不幸的是，外國直接投資流量的下降確實影響了氣候調適計畫。2022年前三季度公佈的氣候調適計畫數量同比下降了12%，水資源管理項目的數量下降了19%。這對於未來的國外直接投資流量來說也是一個非常不理想的信號，因為國外直接投資是一項未來趨勢的指標。
Unfortunately, the drop in FDI flows has hurt climate adaptation projects. The number of climate adaptation projects announced in the first three quarters of 2022 was 12 percent lower than the same period last year. The number of water management projects fell 19 percent. That’s a very bad sign for future FDI flows, too, as announcements are an indicator of forward trends.
根據聯合國貿易和發展會議的報告，氣候變遷投資包括氣候調適和減緩，在2015年時透過響應永續發展目標後開始呈上升趨勢，並在2021年由於後疫情的刺激加速了投資。聯合國貿易和發展會議警告說：「然而，這種推動力正面臨風險」。
Climate change investment—including both climate adaptation and mitigation projects—began to trend up after the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, according to the UNCTAD report, and accelerated in 2021 due to post-COVID stimulus investments. However, “this momentum is now at risk,” UNCTAD warns.
 
資助肯亞的韌性道路
Funding resilient roads in Kenya
多邊投資擔保機構（MIGA）和世界銀行正在處理此案。在過去兩年中，MIGA已提供超過1.86億美元（約新臺幣56億元）的擔保，幫助肯亞政府吸引外國投資，將資金用於10,000公里的道路升級計畫，使柏油路面的數量增加一倍，將往返時間減半。
MIGA and the World Bank Group are on the case. Over the past two years MIGA has issued over $186 million in guarantees to help the government of Kenya attract much-needed foreign investment to its ongoing program to upgrade 10,000 kilometers of roads , which will double the number of asphalt-surfaced roads and cut many travel times in half in the East Africa nation.
該計畫分成多項部分並有單獨融資，包括有土木工程、混凝土工程和排水工程等。氣候調適措施包括架高道路，和建造更深、更寬的排水溝、下水道管道和涵洞等。
The program, which is being completed in multiple tranches with separate financing, will include earthworks, concrete works, and drainage works, with climate adaptation measures that include elevated road sections and deeper and wider road drains, pipes, and culverts.
MIGA向股權投資者和貸款人提供擔保，保護他們免受道路違約、轉讓限制、徵用、戰爭和內亂等相關風險。MIGA持續針對附加合約進行談判，以便對肯亞的道路計畫進行更多投資。
MIGA’s guarantees are issued to equity investors and lenders to protect them from risks associated with breach of contract, transfer restriction, expropriation, and war and civil disturbance, for roads in central and western Kenya. And MIGA continues to negotiate additional contracts to enable more investments in the Kenya roads program.
除了減少出行時間外，該計畫還有望改善道路安全並降低運輸成本，並為當地商店和供應商創造商機，同時透過整合不發達地區以減少貧困。
In addition to reducing travel times, the project is expected to improve road safety and reduce transportation costs. It will also create business opportunities for local shops and vendors while reducing poverty by integrating underdeveloped areas with the rest of the country.
 
在塞爾維亞建設主要公路
Building a major artery in Serbia
塞爾維亞也需要建造新的和具有氣候調適能力的道路。塞爾維亞政府已在貝爾格勒以南約200公里處的低海拔氾濫平原西摩拉瓦河谷建造了一條重要的地理走廊，是造一條112公里長的六線道高速公路的理想地點，該高速公路將成為該國第二大交通幹道。
Serbia needs new, climate-resilient roads, too. The government of Serbia has identified a critical geographical corridor in the West Morava Valley, a low-level flood plain about 200 kilometers south of Belgrade, as ideal for a six-lane, 112-kilometer highway that will be the country’s second major transportation artery.
這條新公路的東西走向連接了塞爾維亞波亞特和普雷爾吉納兩個城鎮，同時也連接了兩條泛歐南北高速公路。這些高速公路連接著商業中心，例如鄰國的波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納的塞拉耶佛和蒙特內哥羅的港口城市巴爾。透過此作法，將擴大斯洛維尼亞、克羅埃西亞、北馬其頓、義大利和羅馬尼亞的市場，並改善與西歐國家的貿易。
The new road will run east-west and connect the towns of Pojate and Preljina, linking two pan-European north-south motorways that are connected to regional commercial centers such as Sarajevo in neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina and the port city of Bar in Montenegro. By doing so, it will expand access to markets in Slovenia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Italy, and Romania, and will improve trade links to Western Europe.
這條高速公路的設計主要目的在透過排水系統和升高措施強化摩拉瓦河氾濫平原的氣候韌性，保護和穩定這個洪水多發地區的河岸和河道將被列為優先事項。
The highway is being designed for climate resilience through the use of drainage and elevation measures through the Morava floodplain. And protection and stabilization of riverbanks and the main river channel in this flooding-prone area will also be a priority.
該計畫的建設部分得益於MIGA向塞爾維亞政府提供超過4.5億美元（約新臺幣135億元）的擔保，這些擔保將保護貸方免受不付款風險。在跨過投資減少的時候，MIGA提供的擔保比以往任何時候都更加重要，以確保關鍵和有韌性的基礎設施能夠在新興市場推進。
The project’s construction is being enabled in part by MIGA guarantees of more than $450 million to a group of lenders to the Serbian government. The guarantees will protect the lenders from non-payment risk. At a time when cross-border investment is falling, MIGA's guarantees are more important than ever to ensuring that critical and resilient infrastructure projects can go forward in emerging markets.
將現有道路進行氣候變遷調適，同時建造能夠適應氣候變遷的新道路，是朝著改善古老水路的重要一步。
Adapting current roads to the dangers of climate change, while building new ones that are resilient to it, is a major step toward changing the ancient water-road dynamic for the better.