2023/06/14 以自然為範本的綠色城市

以自然為範本的綠色城市
Nature as a model for greener cities
發表日期：2023-4-21
作者：Sanna Trygg, Lund University；翻譯：柯端榕；校稿：林詩軒
引用來源：https://phys.org/news/2023-04-nature-greener-cities.html
 
『參考要點』： 自然基礎解決方案被視為因應氣候變遷和生物多樣性損失的重要工具。研究指出，自然基礎解決方案有潛力在2030年前實現30％的減碳目標，並在控制全球平均溫度上升至攝氏2度以下方面發揮作用。瑞典隆德大學的研究人員強調跨學科解決方案的重要性，並強調保護和修復紅樹林沼澤等自然基礎解決方案對減少溫室氣體排放和增加生物多樣性的貢獻。
『相關字彙』：Nature-based solutions（自然基礎解決方案）、Climate change（氣候變遷）、Biodiversity（生物多樣性）、Emissions（排放）、Reversibility（可逆轉性）
 
將混凝土和柏油換成樹木、池塘和綠色屋頂是城市因應暴雨和氣候變遷的例子，但時間不多了。根據研究人員的說法，要使基於自然的解決方案產生全球影響，我們需要快速行動。
Swapping concrete and asphalt for trees, ponds and green roofs is an example of how cities can be adapted to cope with heavy rain and climate change. But time is running out. For nature-based solutions to have a global impact, we need to act fast, according to researchers.
2014年8月的一個夏末日，在瑞典馬爾默的Sofielund地區，連續24小時下了100毫米的雨，地下室淹水，暴雨水從下水道湧出。那些擁有自己的抽水機的人自認很幸運，但幾個小時後，瑞典馬爾默的商店已經沒有了抽水機。
A late summer's day in August 2014, 100 mm of rain fell over the course of a 24-hour period in the Sofielund area in Malmö. Basements flooded and stormwater streamed out of sewers. Those who owned a pump of their own counted themselves lucky. Within hours, there were no more pumps to be found in the shops of Malmö.
瑞典隆德大學環境與氣候科學中心的約翰娜·阿爾坎·奧爾森（Johanna Alkan Olsson）表示：「隨著全球氣候變遷，暴雨發生的次數有增加的傾向。這對城市而言提出了新的要求，即能夠在不損害人民、建築物和基礎設施的情況下管理大量雨水。」
"The amount of cloudbursts is expected to increase with global climate change. This places new demands on cities to be able to manage large volumes of rain without damage to people, buildings and infrastructure," says Johanna Alkan Olsson from the Center for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University in Sweden.
2023年的世界面臨著數個同時且在一定程度上相互矛盾的危機：全球暖化、物種和生態系統受到威脅；同時，人類需要接觸自然資源，以進行休閒和保健活動。如果我們能夠利用自然的解決方案來解決我們面臨的一些問題，同時解決許多挑戰，那該多好呢？這正是瑞典隆德大學的研究人員正在全球範圍內進行的工作，主要是和景觀層面和城市環境相關。
The world in 2023 is facing several concurrent, and partly contradictory, crises: the climate is warming, species and ecosystems are under threat. At the same time, humans need access to nature and its resources, for recreation and health. What if we could use nature's own solutions in order to bridge some of the problems and solve many of the challenges we are facing, all at the same time? This is exactly what researchers at Lund University are working on, on a global scale, at the landscape level and in urban environments.
約翰娜·阿爾坎·奧爾森（Johanna Alkan Olsson）表示：「簡單來說，基於自然的解決方案意味著使用自然的方法來解決社會問題。適當設計這些解決方案可以造福生物多樣性，減緩氣候變遷，並促進人類的福祉。」
"Simply put, nature-based solutions involve using nature's own methods to solve social problems. Properly designed, these solutions can benefit biodiversity, mitigate climate change and promote the well-being of humans," says Johanna Alkan Olsson.
混凝土導致洪水
Concrete leads to floods
2014年的事件清楚地表明，Sofielund的管道供水和污水系統無法因應大量降雨。在過去的城市環境中，硬景觀表面一直是其特點，即由混凝土、柏油和鋪石材料覆蓋的區域，這加劇了問題。
The events in 2014 made clear that Sofielund's piped water and sewage systems were not dimensioned to deal with large volumes of rainfall. Hardscaped surfaces which historically have been characteristic of urban environments, that is areas covered by concrete, tarmac and pavers, contributed to the problem.
約翰娜·阿爾坎·奧爾森（Johanna Alkan Olsson）說：「混凝土和柏油吸收熱量，同時阻止水分滲透到土壤中，這會導致洪水發生。與此同時，我們的污水系統是在很久以前建造的，當時人口密度較低，硬景觀表面較少，極端天氣事件也較罕見。」
"Concrete and asphalt absorb heat while also preventing water from penetrating the soil, which results in flooding. Meanwhile, our sewage systems were built a long time ago when the population was less dense, there were fewer hardscaped surfaces and extreme weather events were rarer," says Johanna Alkan Olsson.
但我們如何建設不會因未來降雨而引起問題的城市呢？在瑞典馬爾默的另一個區域Augustenborg，就在Sofielund附近，他們採用了許多基於自然的解決方案；透過「藍綠色」解決方案，不是挖掘管道將水引走，而是選擇將珍貴的雨水用於地表面上。池塘、雨水床和碗狀的草坪隨處可見，有許多樹木、綠色牆壁，甚至在一個多層停車場的屋頂上還有一個植物園，有些屋頂覆蓋著草坪，而不是傳統的屋瓦或金屬板。
But how do we build cities in which future rainfall does not cause problems? In another Malmö district, Augustenborg, just a stone's throw from Sofielund, they have deployed a whole host of nature-based solutions. These include not digging down pipes to lead water away, and instead opting to make use of it—this precious water is used for above-ground 'blue-green' solutions. Ponds, rain beds and bowl-shaped beds of grass are visible everywhere. There are many trees, green walls and even a botanical garden on the roof of a multistory carpark. Some roofs are covered in grass instead of traditional roof tiles or metal sheets.
約翰娜·阿爾坎·奧爾森（Johanna Alkan Olsson）說：「這些都是在城市中使用基於自然的解決方案的好例子。雨水被引導到一條小溪，然後灌溉樹木並支持植物生長。相反的方法是將屋頂上的水透過排水槽和下水道排入地下井中，然後將其排走遠離城市。目標是在城市環境中保持水源，從而創造樹木和植物生長的條件，讓人們享受其中。」
"These are all good examples of how to use nature-based solutions in a city. The rainwater is led to a stream that then waters the trees and supports plant life. The opposite approach is funneling water from roofs through guttering and downpipes into the ground under wells where underground pipes lead it away from the city. The aim is to keep water locally in the urban environment and therefore enable the conditions for trees and plants to grow and for people to enjoy them," says Johanna Alkan Olsson
在最重要的政治議程上
On the highest political agenda
2022年，自然基礎解決方案因應氣候變遷和生物多樣性損失特別受到關注，尤其是在聯合國氣候變遷大會（COP27）和聯合國生物多樣性大會（COP15）期間。根據瑞典環境保護署的報告《自然基礎解決方案-因應氣候調適和其他社會挑戰的工具》，研究表示，自然基礎解決方案有潛力在2030年之前以具有成本效益的方式減少30％的排放，以保持全球平均溫度的增加在攝氏2度以下。
Nature-based solutions to climate change and the loss of biodiversity were particularly highlighted in 2022, especially during the UN Climate Conference (COP27) and the UN's Biodiversity Conference (COP15). According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's report "Nature-based solutions—a tool for climate adaptation and other societal challenges," studies show that nature-based solutions have the potential to account for 30% of the cost-effective reduction in emissions required before 2030 in order to keep the increase of the global average temperature under 2 degrees.
亨里克·史密斯（Henrik Smith）在環境和氣候科學中心（CEC）擔任教授，同時也是瑞典隆德大學自然基礎未來解決方案專業領域的協調員。他表示：「我們不僅僅在談論城市中的自然基礎解決方案，而是更廣義的土地管理。自然基礎解決方案涵蓋城市、農業和森林環境。」
"We're not just talking about nature-based solutions in cities, but land stewardship in a broader sense. Nature-based solutions cover urban, agricultural and forest environments," says Henrik Smith, professor at the Center for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC) and coordinator for Lund University's Nature-based Future Solutions profile area.
保護和恢復紅樹林沼澤是一個減少大氣中溫室氣體量並促進生物多樣性增加的自然基礎解決方案的例子。濕地的恢復是一個廣泛討論和研究的話題，尤其是在瑞典。許多乾燥的濕地區域釋放出大量的二氧化碳，這些二氧化碳以前存儲在濕地中收集的植物物質中。
The protection and restoration of mangrove swamps is an example of a nature-based solution that reduces the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and contributes to increased biodiversity. The rehabilitation of wetlands is a topic widely discussed and researched, not least in Sweden. The many dried wetland areas release large quantities of carbon dioxide which was previously stored in plant material collected in wetlands.
「自然基礎解決方案是我們擁有的最重要工具」
'Nature-based solutions are the most important tool we have'
在COP15世界各國達成的協議中，將自然基礎解決方案描述為恢復、保護和促進自然對人類的貢獻的方法，以及減輕氣候變遷的影響的手段。
In the agreement reached between the world's nations at COP15, nature-based solutions are described as a method for restoring, preserving and encouraging the contribution nature makes to humanity, and as a means for minimizing the effects of climate change.
亨里克·史密斯（Henrik Smith）說：「世界正面臨著一個雙重危機，氣候變遷和生物多樣性的加速損失。這兩個危機緊密相連且相互影響。如果不解決生物多樣性的損失，就無法解決氣候危機，而如果不解決氣候危機，也無法停止生物多樣性的損失。自然基礎解決方案是我們因應這個雙重挑戰最重要的工具之一。」
"The world is facing a double crisis—a changing climate and the accelerating loss of biodiversity. These two crises are tightly linked and affect each other. We can't solve the climate crisis without dealing with the loss of biodiversity and we can't stop that without addressing the climate crisis. Nature-based solutions are one of the most important tools we have in order to deal with this bisectional challenge," says Henrik Smith.
您希望研究對自然基礎解決方案領域能有什麼貢獻？
What do you hope research can contribute to the field of nature-based solutions?
亨里克·史密斯（Henrik Smith ）說：「我們面臨的氣候問題非常嚴峻，如果要成功，正是這類跨學科解決方案所需要的。我們研究的特點在於我們在生態過程、氣候過程和社會過程的交叉點上工作。在自然基礎解決方案的研究領域內，我們試圖同時解決許多問題，而不是像以前那樣僅僅解決氣候問題。瑞典隆德大學選擇將其作為專業領域是一個很大的優勢，這意味著我們可以進行長期且跨學科的合作。這對於我們找到解決方案至關重要。」
"The issue of our climate is extremely acute, and it is exactly these types of interdisciplinary solutions that are needed if we are going to succeed. What characterizes our research is that we are working in a nexus, at the cross-section between ecological processes, climate processes and social processes. Within the area of research into nature-based solutions, we are trying to solve many problems simultaneously, instead of—as was the case previously—solving the climate problem alone. It is a great advantage that Lund University has chosen this as a profile area as it means we can work long-term and across subject boundaries. This is crucial if we are to find a solution," says Henrik Smith.
如果我們現在不採取自然基礎解決方案，會發生什麼？
What happens if we do not take nature-based solutions onboard now?
亨里克·史密斯（Henrik Smith ）說：「生物多樣性的損失是不可逆轉的，如果我們不能迅速達到這些環境目標，無論對人類還是環境而言，成本都將大幅增加。現在，我們可以以更低的成本緩解這些危機，而如果等待的話，成本將大幅上升。如果等待太久，可能會來不及了。」
"Biodiversity loss is irreversible, and the costs will increase dramatically, both for humans and the environment, if we don't reach these environmental goals quickly. We can mitigate these crises at a much lower cost now than if we wait. If we wait too long, we may be too late," says Henrik Smith.