2024/05/21 從孟買到巴黎：城市如何帶頭採取調適行動（下集）

從孟買到巴黎：城市如何帶頭採取調適行動（下集）
From Mumbai to Paris: How cities are spearheading adaptation action
作者：Climate Champions & Helena Fazeli, CDP；翻譯：吳名翊
引用來源：https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/from-mumbai-to-paris-how-cities-are-spearheading-adaptation-action/
『參考要點』：城市作為創新和多樣性的中心，在引領氣候行動方面發揮關鍵作用。從部署基於自然的解決方案到實施廢棄物管理技術，他們不僅適應氣候變遷帶來的挑戰，而且樹立了榜樣。
Cities, as hubs of innovation and diversity, play a critical role in leading climate action. From deploying Nature-based Solutions to implementing waste management techniques, they are not only adapting to the challenges posed by climate change but are setting examples on how to thrive in the face of climate change.
『相關字彙』：water management（水管理）、community engagement（社區參與）、urban cooling（城市降溫）
 
水管理
Water management
有效的水管理策略對於確保永續供水、防範與水有關的危害及維持生態平衡至關重要。城市正在實施多種方法，從先進的節水技術到基礎設施發展及政策改革，主要是優化用水，並增強水系統的韌性，相關案例如下：
Effective water management strategies are essential for ensuring sustainable water supply, safeguarding against water-related hazards, and maintaining ecological balance. Cities are implementing diverse approaches, from advanced water conservation techniques to infrastructure development and policy reforms, aimed at optimizing water use and enhancing the resilience of their water systems. Examples of action to date:
印度拉傑果德市政公司啟動了一個為15,000個家庭安裝水錶的計畫，並計畫在全市範圍內推廣這項工作。該措施主要是鼓勵負責任的用水、減少浪費並增加水的供應以滿足各種需求。此外，它將使該市能夠收集實際用水需求的數據，並更好地識別和解決漏水問題。
Rajkot Municipal Corporation (India) has initiated a project to install water meters in 15,000 households, with plans to expand this effort citywide. The intervention aims to encourage responsible water use, reduce wastage, and increase water availability for various needs. Additionally, it will enable the city to gather data on actual water requirements and better identify and address water leakages.
南非姆松杜齊市採取了多項節水與保護策略，以因應近年來反覆發生的乾旱事件。此外，市政府還投資了減壓閥 (PRV)，以根據流量需求優化水壓，並在高用水量區域策略性地安裝10個此類設備。
Msunduzi Municipality (South Africa) has undertaken several water conservation and protection strategies, in response to recurring drought events in recent years. Additionally, the municipality has invested in Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) to optimize water pressure based on flow requirements, strategically installing 10 of these devices in high water usage areas.
 
海洋和沿海系統
Oceans and coastal systems
沿海城市正面臨海平面上升、風暴潮和海岸侵蝕帶來的獨特挑戰，而氣候變遷又加劇了這些挑戰。因應這些挑戰需要採取綜合方法，包括加強沿海防禦、恢復自然棲息地及實踐永續沿海發展。城市正在關注創新解決方案來保護和改善其沿海環境，並認識到這些生態系統在減輕氣候影響、支持生物多樣性以及維持當地經濟和社區方面發揮的重要作用，相關案例如下：
Cities located along coastlines are facing unique challenges posed by rising sea levels, storm surges, and coastal erosion, exacerbated by climate change. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening coastal defenses, restoring natural habitats, and implementing sustainable coastal development practices. Cities are focusing on innovative solutions to protect and enhance their coastal environments, recognizing the vital role these ecosystems play in mitigating climate impacts, supporting biodiversity, and sustaining local economies and communities. Examples of action to date:
加拿大哈利法克斯地區市政府正在進行極端水位測繪計畫，以更新沿海洪水地圖，納入最新的海平面上升預測和新獲得的基於雷射雷達的高程數據。這些地圖將考慮海平面上升、風暴潮、潮汐和海洋影響等因素，並識別容易受到極端水位影響的區域。該計畫主要是提供民眾最新的災害地圖，並規劃法規、調適策略與改善緊急情況。
Halifax Regional Municipality (Canada) is undertaking the Extreme Water Level Mapping Project to update coastal flooding maps, incorporating the latest sea-level rise projections and newly acquired LiDAR-based elevation data. These maps will identify areas vulnerable to extreme water levels, considering factors like sea level rise, storm surges, tides, and oceanographic effects. The project aims to provide updated hazard maps to the public and inform planning regulations, adaptation strategies, and improved preparation for emergencies.
菲律賓塔古姆市在沿海社區的海岸安裝了建築物，作為抵禦海浪、風和風暴影響的防禦機制。
Tagum City (Philippines) has installed structures along the shores of coastal barangays to serve as defensive mechanisms from the effects of waves, winds and storms.
社區參與
Community engagement
社區參與是城市有效的氣候調適和韌性建設的基石。讓當地社區參與氣候行動的規劃及行動，可以確保解決方案能滿足受影響最嚴重群體的具體需求和挑戰。城市越來越認識到基層參與、將公眾意見納入政策制定以及促進協作措施的價值。這些努力的範圍從教育計畫和研討會到包容性的決策過程，確保不同的聲音得到傾聽和代表，相關案例如下：
Community engagement is a cornerstone of effective climate adaptation and resilience-building in urban areas. Involving local communities in the planning and implementation of climate action ensures that the solutions are tailored to meet the specific needs and challenges of those most affected. Cities are increasingly recognizing the value of grassroots participation, integrating public input into policy-making, and fostering collaborative initiatives. These efforts range from educational programs and workshops to inclusive decision-making processes, ensuring that diverse voices are heard and represented. Examples of action to date:
智利的倫卡市制定了雄心勃勃的社區參與計畫。2020年，該市舉辦了56場線上和線下環保研討會，參與人數超過1,200人。這些研討會涵蓋的主題從回收、再利用技術到能源效率及城市園藝。2021年，這些活動擴展到了學校，並在馬波喬河沿岸和倫卡山的開放教室舉辦工作坊。
Renca (Chile) has ambitious community engagement plans. In 2020, the city organized 56 environmental workshops, both online and in person, engaging over 1,200 participants. These workshops covered topics ranging from recycling and reuse techniques to energy efficiency and urban gardening. In 2021, these were expanded to schools, with workshops held in ‘open classrooms’ along the Mapocho River and in the Cerro Renca.
南非納米比亞沃爾維斯灣市政府計畫與生活在洪氾平原等危險地區非正規住區的社區啟動協商進程，以開始城市升級或共同規劃安置過程。
Walvis Bay Municipality (Namibia) plans to initiate a consultation process with communities living in informal settlements in hazardous areas, such as flood plains, to begin urban upgrading or co-planned resettlement processes.
巴西薩爾瓦多市正在進行一系列環境教育，包括製作有關不同環境主題的漫畫書，包括水和廢棄物管理，然後在社區和學校內分發。透過與當地組織合作，該市透過學校舉辦識能提升活動和補習班與年輕人互動。
The City of Salvador (Brazil) is carrying out a series of environmental education initiatives, including the development of comic books on different environmental topics, including water and waste management, which were then distributed within the community and in schools. By collaborating with local organizations, the city is engaging with young people by delivering awareness-raising and workshops in schools.
 
熱應激反應與城市降溫
Heat stress response and urban cooling
城市地區面臨著熱島效應的挑戰，建築環境比自然景觀更多地吸收與散發太陽的熱量。為了解決這個問題，城市正在採取各種策略，來減少熱壓力並幫助城市降溫。其中包括開發公園和綠色屋頂等綠色空間、實施涼爽屋頂以及創建陰涼公共區域。此外，城市正在投資基礎設施和社區計畫，以提高耐熱能力，例如：冷卻中心及有關熱相關風險的活動，相關計畫如下：
Urban areas face the challenge of the urban heat island effect, where built environments absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes. To combat this, cities are adopting a variety of strategies to reduce heat stress and enhance urban cooling. These include the development of green spaces, such as parks and green roofs, the implementation of cool roofs, and the creation of shaded public areas. Additionally, cities are investing in infrastructure and community programs to improve heat resilience, such as cooling centres and public awareness campaigns about heat-related risks. Examples of action to date:
加拿大惠特比鎮的氣候緊急應變計畫是在弱勢族群及人流量大的戶外空間地區建立降溫中心、戲水公園和飲水機來解決極端高溫的問題。該計畫強調與當地組織和企業協調，透過社群媒體和公共螢幕傳播訊息，向居民通報極端高溫發生期間的降溫選擇。
The Town of Whitby’s (Canada) Climate Emergency Response Plan addresses extreme heat preparedness by creating cooling centres, splash parks, and drinking fountains in areas with vulnerable populations and high-traffic outdoor spaces. The plan emphasizes coordination with local organizations and businesses to disseminate information through social media and public screens, notifying residents about cooling options during extreme heat events.
非州獅子山共和國的弗里敦正在實施城市設計解決方案，以因應熱壓力並增強城市降溫。該市在三個主要露天市場安裝了遮陽罩，改善了2,000多名女性的工作條件。
Freetown (Sierra Leone) is implementing urban design solutions to combat heat stress and enhance urban cooling. The city has installed shade covers in three of its major open-air markets, improving working conditions for over 2,000 women.
2021年7月，聯合國氣候變遷高層倡議者正式啟動了「城市韌性競賽」倡議。該計畫的核心是改造城市，使人類和自然不僅能夠在氣候衝擊和壓力下生存下來，而且能夠在氣候衝擊和壓力下蓬勃發展。在全球韌性競賽運動中，城市韌性競賽倡議是城市本身加入韌性競賽的主要措措，並因其當地主導的調適和韌性建設行動而受到正式認可。
In July 2021, the Cities Race to Resilience initiative was officially launched by the UN Climate Change High-Level Champions. Transforming cities so that both people and nature cannot just survive climate shocks and stresses, but thrive in spite of them, is at the heart of the initiative. Under the global Race to Resilience campaign, the Cities Race to Resilience initiative is the primary initiative for cities themselves to join the Race to Resilience, and be formally recognized for their locally-led adaptation and resilience building actions.
「城市韌性競賽」主要是在確保城市的聲音在國際最高層級的氣候變遷談判中得到重視和聽到。它還努力確保氣候韌性目標與到2030年將碳排放量減半的全球競賽一樣緊迫。具體而言，該倡議還充當一個全球平台，城市可以在該平台上展示其雄心勃勃的氣候調適行動，以增強城市的調適力他們的人口，從而有助於增加全世界的調適行動。
Cities Race to Resilience aims to ensure that city voices are put front and centre, and heard at the highest international level of climate change negotiations. It also strives to ensure that climate resilience goals are treated with the same urgency as the global race to halve emissions by 2030. Concretely, the initiative also acts as a global platform on which cities can showcase their ambitious climate adaptation actions that build the resilience of their population, and thus helps to increase adaptation actions worldwide.
 
The data analysis was provided by Helena Fazeli and Lea Busch (CDP), based on the data of 64 cities that opted to report on their climate actions via CDP-ICLEI Track in 2023. Reported resilience actions are publicly available at CDP’s Open Data Portal for cities so that local governments, NGOs, civil society and other stakeholders can browse the data and get inspired to take action on climate change.