2024/05/16 從孟買到巴黎：城市如何帶頭採取調適行動（上集）

從孟買到巴黎：城市如何帶頭採取調適行動（上集）
From Mumbai to Paris: How cities are spearheading adaptation action
發表日期：2023-12-3
作者：Climate Champions & Helena Fazeli, CDP；翻譯：吳名翊
引用來源：https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/from-mumbai-to-paris-how-cities-are-spearheading-adaptation-action/
『參考要點』：城市作為創新和多樣性的中心，在引領氣候行動方面發揮關鍵作用。從部署基於自然的解決方案到實施廢棄物管理技術，他們不僅適應氣候變遷帶來的挑戰，而且樹立了榜樣。
Cities, as hubs of innovation and diversity, play a critical role in leading climate action. From deploying Nature-based Solutions to implementing waste management techniques, they are not only adapting to the challenges posed by climate change but are setting examples on how to thrive in the face of climate change.
『相關字彙』：nature-based solutions（自然解決方案）、early warning systems（預警系統）、waste management（廢棄物管理）
 
了解參與「韌性競賽」合作夥伴計畫的城市如何在七個核心領域採取行動。所有公開報告都可在韌性競賽城市的平台CDP-ICLEI Track網站上獲得。
Discover how cities part of Race to Resilience partner initiative, Cities Race to Resilience, are taking action across seven core areas. All data was publicly reported on CDP-ICLEI Track, the main reporting platform for Race To Resilience cities, and more actions can be accessed on CDP’s Open Data Portal.
 
自然解決方案
Nature-based Solutions
世界各地的城市越來越多地利用基於自然的解決方案來增強抵禦氣候災害的能力。這種方法不僅可以提高氣候調適能力，還可以促進生計和生物多樣性保護。2023年12月3日在COP28上發布的《2023年沙姆沙伊赫適應議程實施報告》詳細介紹了主要城市的一系列成功策略和故事。
Cities around the world are increasingly leveraging Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to enhance their resilience against climate hazards. This approach is not only improving climate resilience but also bolstering livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. The Sharm el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda 2023 Implementation Report launched today at COP28, details a range of successful strategies and stories from key cities.
據此，COP28上的自然積極城市倡議正在大力呼籲城市和地區採取行動，將大自然納入其氣候行動計畫。該運動主要是加速對城市自然環境的投資，提供資金和技術支援。這些努力對於展示韌性與調適方面的進展至關重要，有助於實現沙姆沙伊赫適應議程的整體目標。
In line with this, the Nature Positive Cities initiative at COP28 is driving a significant call to action for cities and regions to integrate nature into their Climate Action Plans. This movement aims to accelerate investment in urban natural environments, providing both financial and technical support. These efforts are critical for demonstrating progress in resilience and adaptation, contributing to the overarching goals of the Sharm el Sheikh Adaptation Agenda.
回顧迄今為止的進展，截至2023年報告期，超過80%的城市韌性競賽 (R2R) 成員制定了氣候行動計畫，其中78%的城市制定了明確的調適目標。值得注意的是，這些調適目標中有五分之一專門專注於解決生物多樣性喪失問題。此外，預計針對熱相關風險的基於生態系統的調適行動的很大一部分將增強其管轄範圍內幾乎所有人口的抵禦能力。此外，約35%的旨在緩解洪水的行動預計將提高至少50%至100%的相關自然系統的恢復能力，相關案例如下：
Reflecting on the progress so far, as of the 2023 reporting period, over 80 percent of Cities Race to Resilience (R2R) members have established a Climate Action Plan, with 78 percent of these cities setting explicit adaptation goals. Notably, one fifth of these adaptation goals specifically focus on addressing biodiversity loss. Furthermore, a significant portion of the ecosystem-based adaptation actions targeting heat-related risks are projected to enhance the resilience of nearly the entire population in their jurisdictions. Additionally, about 35 percent of the actions aimed at mitigating flooding are expected to improve resilience in at least 50 percent and up to 100 percent of the natural systems involved. Examples of action to date:
印度孟買與世界資源研究所合作，在全市100個地點種植了377,416棵樹。此外，該市還在多個地點建造了紅樹林防護牆，並實施了「紅樹林保護和生計生成」計畫，透過永續的生計活動支持原住民社區。
Mumbai (India) is planting 377,416 trees in 100 locations across the city, in collaboration with the World Resources Institute. Additionally, the city has constructed protective walls for mangroves at multiple locations and implemented the ‘Mangrove Conservation and Livelihood Generation’ scheme to support Indigenous communities through sustainable livelihood activities.
法國巴黎正在透過創建和恢復濕地和池塘網絡來實施其巴黎生物多樣性計畫。到2020年，已建立30個濕地，該市的目標是到2030年再建立50個濕地。
Paris (France) is implementing its Paris Biodiversity Plan by creating and restoring a network of wetlands and ponds. By 2020, 30 wetlands had been created, and the city has a target of installing an additional 50 by 2030.
桑德蘭市議會（英國）正在採取措施，透過在巴士候車亭（稱為「蜜蜂巴士站」）和植物牆安裝植物屋頂來加強當地生物多樣性並解決城市環境問題。這些措施促進生物多樣性、援助授粉媒介、緩解城市炎熱並提高空氣品質。
Sunderland City Council (UK) is taking steps to enhance local biodiversity and address urban environmental issues by installing living roofs on bus shelters, known as “Bee Bus Stops,” and living walls. These initiatives promote biodiversity, aid pollinators, mitigate urban heat, and enhance air quality.
 
預警系統及減少災害風險
Early warning systems and disaster risk reduction
面對不斷升級的氣候威脅，世界各地的城市越來越注重開發及實施預警系統和減少災害風險策略。這些措施對於減輕氣候相關災害的影響、確保及時應對以及保護社區（特別是最脆弱群體）至關重要。先進技術、強大的緊急應變架構和社區參與的整合構成了這些措施的支柱，反映了城市韌性的積極主動方法。隨著城市繼續面臨多樣化和加劇的氣候挑戰，這些系統和策略的採用和增強已成為其整體氣候適應和復原力規劃的組成部分，相關案例如下：
In the face of escalating climate threats, cities worldwide are increasingly focusing on developing and implementing early warning systems and disaster risk reduction strategies. These measures are crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate-related hazards, ensuring timely responses, and safeguarding communities, particularly the most vulnerable. The integration of advanced technologies, robust emergency response frameworks, and community engagement forms the backbone of these initiatives, reflecting a proactive approach to urban resilience. As cities continue to face diverse and intensified climate challenges, the adoption and enhancement of these systems and strategies become integral to their overall climate adaptation and resilience planning. Examples of action to date:
菲律賓馬卡蒂改善了減少災害風險和管理營運中心，以因應極端高溫條件。這包括安裝氣象站、監測和回應公眾的緊急報告以及發布警告和建議。這些努力主要是告知和保護民眾，特別是兒童、老年人和戶外工作者等弱勢群體免受高溫影響，提供預防措施指導並維持緊急熱線。
Makati (Philippines) has improved its Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Centre to address extreme heat conditions. This includes installing weather monitoring stations, monitoring and responding to emergency reports from the public, and issuing warnings and advisories. These efforts aim to inform and protect the public, particularly vulnerable groups like children, seniors, and outdoor workers, from the effects high temperatures, providing guidance on preventive measures and maintaining an emergency hotline.
美國山景城正在更新當地減災計畫，主要是在識別脆弱性並制定策略，以減少社區遭受危害的風險。該市還開展了社區緊急應變小組計畫，為成員提供各種緊急應變技術以及團隊協調和管理方面的培訓，使當地居民能夠在災難發生時幫助自己、家人和鄰居。
The City of Mountain View (USA) is in the process of updating their Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, aiming to identify vulnerabilities and develop strategies to reduce the community’s exposure to hazards. The city also runs a Community Emergency Response Team programme, providing members with training in various emergency response techniques and team coordination and management, enabling local residents to help themselves, their families, and neighbours in the event of a disaster.
 
廢棄物管理
Waste management
解決廢棄物問題不僅可以解決環境問題，還有助於實現更廣泛的氣候調適能力及永續發展目標。城市正在採用創新方法來管理廢棄物，包括回收倡議、永續處置方法和社區參與計畫。這些策略不僅減少了城市中心的環境足跡，並促進循環經濟並提高居民的生活品質。隨著城市擴張，廢棄物產生量不斷增加，有效的廢棄物管理在打造韌性、健康和永續的城市方面發揮越來越重要的作用，相關案例如下：
Tackling waste not only addresses environmental concerns but also contributes to broader climate resilience and sustainability goals. Cities are adopting innovative approaches to manage waste, encompassing recycling initiatives, sustainable disposal methods, and community engagement programs. These strategies are not only reducing the environmental footprint of urban centres but also promoting circular economies and enhancing the quality of life for residents. As waste generation continues to grow with urban expansion, the role of effective waste management becomes increasingly vital in shaping resilient, healthy, and sustainable cities. Examples of action to date:
「湖泊之城」計畫主要是在振興印度德里的湖泊，在拉喬克里的實驗階段取得了成功，展示了該計畫在補給地下水、增強生物多樣性以及廢水再利用的潛力，從而提供永續及對環境有益的解決方案。
The “City of Lakes” project aims to revitalize Delhi’s (India) lakes, with a successful pilot phase in Rajokri demonstrating the project’s potential to recharge groundwater, enhance biodiversity, and repurpose treated wastewater that would otherwise be discharged into drains, offering a sustainable and environmentally beneficial solution.
美國歐柏林市啟動了一項全面的社區範圍食物垃圾收集計畫，涵蓋住宅和商業部門。該計畫內容是將堆肥還給居民和城市，堆肥作為寶貴的資源，可促進生物沼澤中的植物和樹木生長，有助於雨水吸收和永續景觀美化工作。
The City of Oberlin (USA) has launched a comprehensive community-wide food waste collection program, encompassing both residential and commercial sectors. This initiative involves returning compost to residents and city-owned properties, with the compost serving as a valuable resource to enhance plant and tree growth in bioswales, aiding in rainwater absorption and sustainable landscaping efforts.
印度烏代布爾建立一座分散式污水處理廠來處理廢水。75%的處理水供應給工業，有助於減少對淡水資源的需求。剩餘25%的回收水排入河流，以維持附近地區的地下水位。
Udaipur (India) has established a 60 MLD Decentralized Sewerage Treatment Plant to treat wastewater. 75 percent of the treated water is supplied to industries, helping to reduce the demand for freshwater resources. The remaining 25 percent of recycled water is discharged into the river to maintain the underground water level in the nearby area.
 
水管理
Water management
有效的水管理策略對於確保永續供水、防範與水有關的危害及維持生態平衡至關重要。城市正在實施多種方法，從先進的節水技術到基礎設施發展及政策改革，主要是優化用水，並增強水系統的韌性，相關案例如下：
Effective water management strategies are essential for ensuring sustainable water supply, safeguarding against water-related hazards, and maintaining ecological balance. Cities are implementing diverse approaches, from advanced water conservation techniques to infrastructure development and policy reforms, aimed at optimizing water use and enhancing the resilience of their water systems. Examples of action to date:
印度拉傑果德市政公司啟動了一個為15,000個家庭安裝水錶的計畫，並計畫在全市範圍內推廣這項工作。該措施主要是鼓勵負責任的用水、減少浪費並增加水的供應以滿足各種需求。此外，它將使該市能夠收集實際用水需求的數據，並更好地識別和解決漏水問題。
Rajkot Municipal Corporation (India) has initiated a project to install water meters in 15,000 households, with plans to expand this effort citywide. The intervention aims to encourage responsible water use, reduce wastage, and increase water availability for various needs. Additionally, it will enable the city to gather data on actual water requirements and better identify and address water leakages.
南非姆松杜齊市採取了多項節水與保護策略，以因應近年來反覆發生的乾旱事件。此外，市政府還投資了減壓閥 (PRV)，以根據流量需求優化水壓，並在高用水量區域策略性地安裝10個此類設備。
Msunduzi Municipality (South Africa) has undertaken several water conservation and protection strategies, in response to recurring drought events in recent years. Additionally, the municipality has invested in Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) to optimize water pressure based on flow requirements, strategically installing 10 of these devices in high water usage areas.
 
海洋和沿海系統
Oceans and coastal systems
沿海城市正面臨海平面上升、風暴潮和海岸侵蝕帶來的獨特挑戰，而氣候變遷又加劇了這些挑戰。因應這些挑戰需要採取綜合方法，包括加強沿海防禦、恢復自然棲息地及實踐永續沿海發展。城市正在關注創新解決方案來保護和改善其沿海環境，並認識到這些生態系統在減輕氣候影響、支持生物多樣性以及維持當地經濟和社區方面發揮的重要作用，相關案例如下：
Cities located along coastlines are facing unique challenges posed by rising sea levels, storm surges, and coastal erosion, exacerbated by climate change. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening coastal defenses, restoring natural habitats, and implementing sustainable coastal development practices. Cities are focusing on innovative solutions to protect and enhance their coastal environments, recognizing the vital role these ecosystems play in mitigating climate impacts, supporting biodiversity, and sustaining local economies and communities. Examples of action to date:
加拿大哈利法克斯地區市政府正在進行極端水位測繪計畫，以更新沿海洪水地圖，納入最新的海平面上升預測和新獲得的基於雷射雷達的高程數據。這些地圖將考慮海平面上升、風暴潮、潮汐和海洋影響等因素，並識別容易受到極端水位影響的區域。該計畫主要是提供民眾最新的災害地圖，並規劃法規、調適策略與改善緊急情況。
Halifax Regional Municipality (Canada) is undertaking the Extreme Water Level Mapping Project to update coastal flooding maps, incorporating the latest sea-level rise projections and newly acquired LiDAR-based elevation data. These maps will identify areas vulnerable to extreme water levels, considering factors like sea level rise, storm surges, tides, and oceanographic effects. The project aims to provide updated hazard maps to the public and inform planning regulations, adaptation strategies, and improved preparation for emergencies.
菲律賓塔古姆市在沿海社區的海岸安裝了建築物，作為抵禦海浪、風和風暴影響的防禦機制。
Tagum City (Philippines) has installed structures along the shores of coastal barangays to serve as defensive mechanisms from the effects of waves, winds and storms.
 
社區參與
Community engagement
社區參與是城市有效的氣候調適和韌性建設的基石。讓當地社區參與氣候行動的規劃及行動，可以確保解決方案能滿足受影響最嚴重群體的具體需求和挑戰。城市越來越認識到基層參與、將公眾意見納入政策制定以及促進協作措施的價值。這些努力的範圍從教育計畫和研討會到包容性的決策過程，確保不同的聲音得到傾聽和代表，相關案例如下：
Community engagement is a cornerstone of effective climate adaptation and resilience-building in urban areas. Involving local communities in the planning and implementation of climate action ensures that the solutions are tailored to meet the specific needs and challenges of those most affected. Cities are increasingly recognizing the value of grassroots participation, integrating public input into policy-making, and fostering collaborative initiatives. These efforts range from educational programs and workshops to inclusive decision-making processes, ensuring that diverse voices are heard and represented. Examples of action to date:
智利的倫卡市制定了雄心勃勃的社區參與計畫。2020年，該市舉辦了56場線上和線下環保研討會，參與人數超過1,200人。這些研討會涵蓋的主題從回收、再利用技術到能源效率及城市園藝。2021年，這些活動擴展到了學校，並在馬波喬河沿岸和倫卡山的開放教室舉辦工作坊。
Renca (Chile) has ambitious community engagement plans. In 2020, the city organized 56 environmental workshops, both online and in person, engaging over 1,200 participants. These workshops covered topics ranging from recycling and reuse techniques to energy efficiency and urban gardening. In 2021, these were expanded to schools, with workshops held in ‘open classrooms’ along the Mapocho River and in the Cerro Renca.
南非納米比亞沃爾維斯灣市政府計畫與生活在洪氾平原等危險地區非正規住區的社區啟動協商進程，以開始城市升級或共同規劃安置過程。
Walvis Bay Municipality (Namibia) plans to initiate a consultation process with communities living in informal settlements in hazardous areas, such as flood plains, to begin urban upgrading or co-planned resettlement processes.
巴西薩爾瓦多市正在進行一系列環境教育，包括製作有關不同環境主題的漫畫書，包括水和廢棄物管理，然後在社區和學校內分發。透過與當地組織合作，該市透過學校舉辦識能提升活動和補習班與年輕人互動。
The City of Salvador (Brazil) is carrying out a series of environmental education initiatives, including the development of comic books on different environmental topics, including water and waste management, which were then distributed within the community and in schools. By collaborating with local organizations, the city is engaging with young people by delivering awareness-raising and workshops in schools.
 
熱應激反應與城市降溫
Heat stress response and urban cooling
城市地區面臨著熱島效應的挑戰，建築環境比自然景觀更多地吸收與散發太陽的熱量。為了解決這個問題，城市正在採取各種策略，來減少熱壓力並幫助城市降溫。其中包括開發公園和綠色屋頂等綠色空間、實施涼爽屋頂以及創建陰涼公共區域。此外，城市正在投資基礎設施和社區計畫，以提高耐熱能力，例如：冷卻中心及有關熱相關風險的活動，相關計畫如下：
Urban areas face the challenge of the urban heat island effect, where built environments absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes. To combat this, cities are adopting a variety of strategies to reduce heat stress and enhance urban cooling. These include the development of green spaces, such as parks and green roofs, the implementation of cool roofs, and the creation of shaded public areas. Additionally, cities are investing in infrastructure and community programs to improve heat resilience, such as cooling centres and public awareness campaigns about heat-related risks. Examples of action to date:
加拿大惠特比鎮的氣候緊急應變計畫是在弱勢族群及人流量大的戶外空間地區建立降溫中心、戲水公園和飲水機來解決極端高溫的問題。該計畫強調與當地組織和企業協調，透過社群媒體和公共螢幕傳播訊息，向居民通報極端高溫發生期間的降溫選擇。
The Town of Whitby’s (Canada) Climate Emergency Response Plan addresses extreme heat preparedness by creating cooling centres, splash parks, and drinking fountains in areas with vulnerable populations and high-traffic outdoor spaces. The plan emphasizes coordination with local organizations and businesses to disseminate information through social media and public screens, notifying residents about cooling options during extreme heat events.
非州獅子山共和國的弗里敦正在實施城市設計解決方案，以因應熱壓力並增強城市降溫。該市在三個主要露天市場安裝了遮陽罩，改善了2,000多名女性的工作條件。
Freetown (Sierra Leone) is implementing urban design solutions to combat heat stress and enhance urban cooling. The city has installed shade covers in three of its major open-air markets, improving working conditions for over 2,000 women.
2021年7月，聯合國氣候變遷高層倡議者正式啟動了「城市韌性競賽」倡議。該計畫的核心是改造城市，使人類和自然不僅能夠在氣候衝擊和壓力下生存下來，而且能夠在氣候衝擊和壓力下蓬勃發展。在全球韌性競賽運動中，城市韌性競賽倡議是城市本身加入韌性競賽的主要措措，並因其當地主導的調適和韌性建設行動而受到正式認可。
In July 2021, the Cities Race to Resilience initiative was officially launched by the UN Climate Change High-Level Champions. Transforming cities so that both people and nature cannot just survive climate shocks and stresses, but thrive in spite of them, is at the heart of the initiative. Under the global Race to Resilience campaign, the Cities Race to Resilience initiative is the primary initiative for cities themselves to join the Race to Resilience, and be formally recognized for their locally-led adaptation and resilience building actions.
「城市韌性競賽」主要是在確保城市的聲音在國際最高層級的氣候變遷談判中得到重視和聽到。它還努力確保氣候韌性目標與到2030年將碳排放量減半的全球競賽一樣緊迫。具體而言，該倡議還充當一個全球平台，城市可以在該平台上展示其雄心勃勃的氣候調適行動，以增強城市的調適力他們的人口，從而有助於增加全世界的調適行動。
Cities Race to Resilience aims to ensure that city voices are put front and centre, and heard at the highest international level of climate change negotiations. It also strives to ensure that climate resilience goals are treated with the same urgency as the global race to halve emissions by 2030. Concretely, the initiative also acts as a global platform on which cities can showcase their ambitious climate adaptation actions that build the resilience of their population, and thus helps to increase adaptation actions worldwide.
 
The data analysis was provided by Helena Fazeli and Lea Busch (CDP), based on the data of 64 cities that opted to report on their climate actions via CDP-ICLEI Track in 2023. Reported resilience actions are publicly available at CDP’s Open Data Portal for cities so that local governments, NGOs, civil society and other stakeholders can browse the data and get inspired to take action on climate change.